Purpose
To extract from the (N+P)-by-(M+N) descriptor system pencil
S(lambda) = ( B A - lambda*E )
( D C )
with E nonsingular and upper triangular a
(NR+PR)-by-(M+NR) "reduced" descriptor system pencil
( Br Ar-lambda*Er )
Sr(lambda) = ( )
( Dr Cr )
having the same finite Smith zeros as the pencil
S(lambda) but with Dr, a PR-by-M full row rank
left upper trapezoidal matrix, and Er, an NR-by-NR
upper triangular nonsingular matrix.
Specification
SUBROUTINE AG08BY( FIRST, N, M, P, SVLMAX, ABCD, LDABCD, E, LDE,
$ NR, PR, NINFZ, DINFZ, NKRONL, INFZ, KRONL,
$ TOL, IWORK, DWORK, LDWORK, INFO )
C .. Scalar Arguments ..
INTEGER DINFZ, INFO, LDABCD, LDE, LDWORK, M, N, NINFZ,
$ NKRONL, NR, P, PR
DOUBLE PRECISION SVLMAX, TOL
LOGICAL FIRST
C .. Array Arguments ..
INTEGER INFZ( * ), IWORK(*), KRONL( * )
DOUBLE PRECISION ABCD( LDABCD, * ), DWORK( * ), E( LDE, * )
Arguments
Mode Parameters
FIRST LOGICAL
Specifies if AG08BY is called first time or it is called
for an already reduced system, with D full column rank
with the last M rows in upper triangular form:
FIRST = .TRUE., first time called;
FIRST = .FALSE., not first time called.
Input/Output Parameters
N (input) INTEGER
The number of rows of matrix B, the number of columns of
matrix C and the order of square matrices A and E.
N >= 0.
M (input) INTEGER
The number of columns of matrices B and D. M >= 0.
M <= P if FIRST = .FALSE. .
P (input) INTEGER
The number of rows of matrices C and D. P >= 0.
SVLMAX (input) DOUBLE PRECISION
During each reduction step, the rank-revealing QR
factorization of a matrix stops when the estimated minimum
singular value is smaller than TOL * MAX(SVLMAX,EMSV),
where EMSV is the estimated maximum singular value.
SVLMAX >= 0.
ABCD (input/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension
(LDABCD,M+N)
On entry, the leading (N+P)-by-(M+N) part of this array
must contain the compound matrix
( B A ) ,
( D C )
where A is an N-by-N matrix, B is an N-by-M matrix,
C is a P-by-N matrix and D is a P-by-M matrix.
If FIRST = .FALSE., then D must be a full column
rank matrix with the last M rows in upper triangular form.
On exit, the leading (NR+PR)-by-(M+NR) part of ABCD
contains the reduced compound matrix
( Br Ar ) ,
( Dr Cr )
where Ar is an NR-by-NR matrix, Br is an NR-by-M matrix,
Cr is a PR-by-NR matrix, Dr is a PR-by-M full row rank
left upper trapezoidal matrix with the first PR columns
in upper triangular form.
LDABCD INTEGER
The leading dimension of array ABCD.
LDABCD >= MAX(1,N+P).
E (input/output) DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDE,N)
On entry, the leading N-by-N part of this array must
contain the upper triangular nonsingular matrix E.
On exit, the leading NR-by-NR part contains the reduced
upper triangular nonsingular matrix Er.
LDE INTEGER
The leading dimension of array E. LDE >= MAX(1,N).
NR (output) INTEGER
The order of the reduced matrices Ar and Er; also the
number of rows of the reduced matrix Br and the number
of columns of the reduced matrix Cr.
If Dr is invertible, NR is also the number of finite
Smith zeros.
PR (output) INTEGER
The rank of the resulting matrix Dr; also the number of
rows of reduced matrices Cr and Dr.
NINFZ (output) INTEGER
Number of infinite zeros. NINFZ = 0 if FIRST = .FALSE. .
DINFZ (output) INTEGER
The maximal multiplicity of infinite zeros.
DINFZ = 0 if FIRST = .FALSE. .
NKRONL (output) INTEGER
The maximal dimension of left elementary Kronecker blocks.
INFZ (output) INTEGER array, dimension (N)
INFZ(i) contains the number of infinite zeros of
degree i, where i = 1,2,...,DINFZ.
INFZ is not referenced if FIRST = .FALSE. .
KRONL (output) INTEGER array, dimension (N+1)
KRONL(i) contains the number of left elementary Kronecker
blocks of dimension i-by-(i-1), where i = 1,2,...,NKRONL.
Tolerances
TOL DOUBLE PRECISION
A tolerance used in rank decisions to determine the
effective rank, which is defined as the order of the
largest leading (or trailing) triangular submatrix in the
QR (or RQ) factorization with column (or row) pivoting
whose estimated condition number is less than 1/TOL.
If the user sets TOL <= 0, then an implicitly computed,
default tolerance TOLDEF = (N+P)*(N+M)*EPS, is used
instead, where EPS is the machine precision
(see LAPACK Library routine DLAMCH).
NOTE that when SVLMAX > 0, the estimated ranks could be
less than those defined above (see SVLMAX). TOL <= 1.
Workspace
IWORK INTEGER array, dimension (M)
If FIRST = .FALSE., IWORK is not referenced.
DWORK DOUBLE PRECISION array, dimension (LDWORK)
On exit, if INFO = 0, DWORK(1) returns the optimal value
of LDWORK.
LDWORK INTEGER
The length of the array DWORK.
LDWORK >= 1, if P = 0; otherwise
LDWORK >= MAX( 1, N+M-1, MIN(P,M) + MAX(3*M-1,N), 5*P ),
if FIRST = .TRUE.;
LDWORK >= MAX( 1, N+M-1, 5*P ), if FIRST = .FALSE. .
The second term is not needed if M = 0.
For optimum performance LDWORK should be larger.
If LDWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed;
the routine only calculates the optimal size of the
DWORK array, returns this value as the first entry of
the DWORK array, and no error message related to LDWORK
is issued by XERBLA.
Error Indicator
INFO INTEGER
= 0: successful exit;
< 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal
value.
Method
The subroutine is based on the reduction algorithm of [1].References
[1] P. Misra, P. Van Dooren and A. Varga.
Computation of structural invariants of generalized
state-space systems.
Automatica, 30, pp. 1921-1936, 1994.
Numerical Aspects
The algorithm is numerically backward stable and requires 0( (P+N)*(M+N)*N ) floating point operations.Further Comments
The number of infinite zeros is computed as
DINFZ
NINFZ = Sum (INFZ(i)*i) .
i=1
Note that each infinite zero of multiplicity k corresponds to
an infinite eigenvalue of multiplicity k+1.
The multiplicities of the infinite eigenvalues can be determined
from PR, DINFZ and INFZ(i), i = 1, ..., DINFZ, as follows:
DINFZ
- there are PR - Sum (INFZ(i)) simple infinite eigenvalues;
i=1
- there are INFZ(i) infinite eigenvalues with multiplicity i+1,
for i = 1, ..., DINFZ.
The left Kronecker indices are:
[ 0 0 ... 0 | 1 1 ... 1 | .... | NKRONL ... NKRONL ]
|<- KRONL(1) ->|<- KRONL(2) ->| |<- KRONL(NKRONL) ->|
Example
Program Text
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